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Institute for Logic, Language and Computation

ILLC Dissertations (DS) Series

For ordering copies of ILLC dissertations, please contact the .

Complementing the dissertations listed below, the ILLC 'Historical Dissertations' Series is a new initiative meant to make some dissertations available that are of historical, and partly also contemporary relevance to the ILLC, and that are not readily accessible elsewhere.

DS-2023-05:
Dean McHugh Causation and Modality: Models and Meanings
DS-2023-04:
Samira Abnar Inductive Biases for Learning Natural Language
DS-2023-03:
Robert Paßmann Logical Structure of Constructive Set Theories
DS-2023-02:
Arjan Cornelissen Quantum multivariate estimation and span program algorithms
DS-2023-01:
Subhasree Patro Quantum Fine-Grained Complexity
DS-2022-05:
Lwenn Bussière-Carae No means No! Speech Acts in Conflict
DS-2022-04:
Ruben Brokkelkamp How Close Does It Get?
From Near-Optimal Network Algorithms to Suboptimal Equilibrium Outcomes
DS-2022-03:
Sonia Ramotowska Quantifying quantifier representations: Experimental studies, computational modeling, and individual differences
DS-2022-02:
Jan Czajkowski Post-Quantum Security of Hash Functions
DS-2022-01:
Anna Bellomo Sums, Numbers and Infinity: Collections in Bolzano’s Mathematics and Philosophy
DS-2021-13:
Dazhu Li Formal Threads in the Social Fabric: Studies in the Logical Dynamics of Multi-Agent Interaction
DS-2021-12:
Michael Cohen Dynamic Introspection
DS-2021-11:
Sirin Botan Strategyproof Social Choice for Restricted Domains
DS-2021-10:
Levin Hornischer Dynamical Systems via Domains: Toward a Unified Foundation of Symbolic and Non-symbolic Computation
DS-2021-09:
Taichi Uemura Abstract and Concrete Type Theories
DS-2021-08:
Michael Sejr Schlichtkrull Incorporating Structure into Neural Models for Language Processing
DS-2021-07:
Anthia Solaki Logical Models for Bounded Reasoners
DS-2021-06:
Zoi Terzopoulou Collective Decisions with Incomplete Individual Opinions
DS-2021-05:
Cian Guilfoyle Chartier A Pragmatic Defense of Logical Pluralism
DS-2021-04:
Sophie Arnoult Adjunction in Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation
DS-2021-03:
Seyyed Hadi Hashemi Modeling Users Interacting with Smart Devices
DS-2021-02:
Elbert J. Booij The Things Before Us: On What it Is to Be an Object
DS-2021-01:
Yfke Dulek Delegated and Distributed Quantum Computation
DS-2020-17:
Francesca Zaffora Blando Patterns and Probabilities: A Study in Algorithmic Randomness and Computable Learning
DS-2020-16:
Ilaria Canavotto Where Responsibility Takes You: Logics of Agency, Counterfactuals and Norms
DS-2020-15:
Tom Schoonen Tales of Similarity and Imagination. A modest epistemology of possibility
DS-2020-14:
Gianluca Grilletti Questions & Quantification: A study of first order inquisitive logic
DS-2020-13:
Thom van Gessel Questions in Context
DS-2020-12:
Bastiaan van der Weij Experienced listeners: Modeling the influence of long-term musical exposure on rhythm perception
DS-2020-11:
Marco Del Tredici Linguistic Variation in Online Communities: A Computational Perspective
DS-2020-10:
Arnold Kochari Perceiving and communicating magnitudes: Behavioral and electrophysiological studies
DS-2020-09:
Jasmijn Bastings A Tale of Two Sequences: Interpretable and Linguistically-Informed Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing
DS-2020-08:
Philip Schulz Latent Variable Models for Machine Translation and How to Learn Them
DS-2020-07:
Ana Lucia Vargas Sandoval On the Path to the Truth: Logical & Computational Aspects of Learning
DS-2020-06:
Dieuwke Hupkes Hierarchy and interpretability in neural models of language processing
DS-2020-05:
Tom Bannink Quantum and stochastic processes
DS-2020-04:
Joran van Apeldoorn A Quantum View on Convex Optimization
DS-2020-03:
Jouke Witteveen Parameterized Analysis of Complexity
DS-2020-02:
Koen Groenland Quantum protocols for few-qubit devices
DS-2020-01:
Mostafa Dehghani Learning with Imperfect Supervision for Language Understanding
DS-2019-07:
Frederik Möllerström Lauridsen Cuts and Completions: Algebraic aspects of structural proof theory
DS-2019-06:
Peter T.S. van der Gulik Considerations in Evolutionary Biochemistry
DS-2019-05:
Nadine Theiler Taking a unified perspective: Resolutions and highlighting in the semantics of attitudes and particles
DS-2019-04:
Lorenzo Galeotti The theory of the generalised real numbers and other topics in logic
DS-2019-03:
András Gilyén Quantum Singular Value Transformation & Its Algorithmic Applications
DS-2019-02:
Jort Bergfeld Quantum logics for expressing and proving the correctness of quantum programs
DS-2019-01:
Carlos Vaquero What Makes A Performer Unique? Idiosyncrasies and commonalities in expressive music performance
DS-2018-13:
Jeroen Zuiddam Algebraic complexity, asymptotic spectra and entanglement polytopes
DS-2018-12:
Julia Ilin Filtration Revisited: Lattices of Stable Non-Classical Logics
DS-2018-11:
Malvin Gattinger New Directions in Model Checking Dynamic Epistemic Logic
DS-2018-10:
Chenwei Shi Reason to Believe
DS-2018-09:
Hugo de Holanda Cunha Nobrega Games for functions: Baire classes, Weihrauch degrees, transfinite computations, and ranks
DS-2018-08:
Srinivasan Arunachalam Quantum Algorithms and Learning Theory
DS-2018-07:
Julian Schlöder Assertion and Rejection
DS-2018-06:
Thomas Brochhagen Signaling under Uncertainty
DS-2018-05:
Joachim Daiber Typologically Robust Statistical Machine Translation: Understanding and Exploiting Differences and Similarities Between Languages in Machine Translation
DS-2018-04:
Jelle Bruineberg Anticipating Affordances: Intentionality in self-organizing brain-body-environment systems
DS-2018-03:
Corina Koolen Reading beyond the female: The relationship between perception of author gender and literary quality
DS-2018-02:
Hugo Huurdeman Supporting the Complex Dynamics of the Information Seeking Process
DS-2018-01:
Berit Janssen Retained or Lost in Transmission? Analyzing and Predicting Stability in Dutch Folk Songs
DS-2017-09:
Miloš Stanojević Permutation Forests for Modeling Word Order in Machine Translation
DS-2017-08:
Raquel Garrido Alhama Computational Modelling of Artificial Language Learning: Retention, Recognition & Recurrence
DS-2017-07:
Aybüke Özgün Evidence in Epistemic Logic: A Topological Perspective
DS-2017-06:
Peter Hawke The Problem of Epistemic Relevance
DS-2017-05:
Shane Noah Steinert-Threlkeld Communication and Computation: New Questions About Compositionality
DS-2017-04:
Giovanni Cinà Categories for the working modal logician
DS-2017-03:
Matthijs Westera Exhaustivity and intonation: a unified theory
DS-2017-02:
Riccardo Pinosio The Logic of Kant's Temporal Continuum
DS-2017-01:
Paolo Galeazzi Play Without Regret
DS-2016-10:
Paula Henk Nonstandard Provability for Peano Arithmetic. A Modal Perspective
DS-2016-09:
Teresa Piovesan Quantum entanglement: insights via graph parameters and conic optimization
DS-2016-08:
Florian Speelman Position-based Quantum Cryptography and Catalytic Computation
DS-2016-07:
Andreas van Cranenburgh Rich Statistical Parsing and Literary Language
DS-2016-06:
Gideon Maillette de Buy Wenniger Aligning the Foundations of Hierarchical Statistical Machine Translation
DS-2016-05:
Phong Lê Learning Vector Representations for Sentences - The Recursive Deep Learning Approach
DS-2016-04:
Johannes Marti Interpreting Linguistic Behavior with Possible World Models
DS-2016-03:
Fleur Leonie Bouwer What do we need to hear a beat? The influence of attention, musical abilities, and accents on the perception of metrical rhythm
DS-2016-02:
Zoé Christoff Dynamic Logics of Networks: Information Flow and the Spread of Opinion
DS-2016-01:
Ivano A. Ciardelli Questions in Logic
DS-2015-05:
Facundo Carreiro Fragments of Fixpoint Logics: Automata and Expressiveness
DS-2015-04:
Sumit Sourabh Correspondence and Canonicity in Non-Classical Logic
DS-2015-03:
Shengyang Zhong Orthogonality and Quantum Geometry: Towards a Relational Reconstruction of Quantum Theory
DS-2015-02:
Mathias Winther Madsen The Kid, the Clerk, and the Gambler - Critical Studies in Statistics and Cognitive Science
DS-2015-01:
María Inés Crespo Affecting Meaning. Subjectivity and evaluativity in gradable adjectives.
DS-2014-04:
Ben Rodenhäuser A Matter of Trust: Dynamic Attitudes in Epistemic Logic
DS-2014-03:
Harald A. Bastiaanse Very, Many, Small, Penguins
DS-2014-02:
Thomas Icard The Algorithmic Mind: A Study of Inference in Action
DS-2014-01:
Machiel Keestra Sculpting the Space of Actions. Explaining Human Action by Integrating Intentions and Mechanisms
DS-2013-03:
Giannicola Scarpa Quantum entanglement in non-local games, graph parameters and zero-error information theory
DS-2013-02:
Virginie Fiutek Playing with Knowledge and Belief
DS-2013-01:
Simon Pauw Size Matters: Grounding Quantifiers in Spatial Perception
DS-2012-12:
Joris Dormans Engineering emergence: applied theory for game design
DS-2012-11:
Floor Sietsma Logics of Communication and Knowledge
DS-2012-10:
Jeremy Meyers Locations, Bodies, and Sets: A model theoretic investigation into nominalistic mereologies
DS-2012-09:
Wesley Halcrow Holliday Knowing What Follows: Epistemic Closure and Epistemic Logic
DS-2012-08:
Umberto Grandi Binary Aggregation with Integrity Constraints
DS-2012-07:
Pietro Galliani The Dynamics of Imperfect Information
DS-2012-06:
Dimitris Gakis Contextual Metaphilosophy - The Case of Wittgenstein
DS-2012-05:
David García Soriano Query-Efficient Computation in Property Testing and Learning Theory
DS-2012-04:
Yurii Khomskii Regularity Properties and Definability in the Real Number Continuum: idealized forcing, polarized partitions, Hausdorff gaps and mad families in the projective hierarchy.
DS-2012-03:
Edgar José Andrade Lotero Models of Language: Towards a practice-based account of information in natural language
DS-2012-02:
Markos Mylonakis Learning the Latent Structure of Translation
DS-2012-01:
Federico Sangati Decomposing and Regenerating Syntactic Trees
DS-2011-11:
Gideon Borensztajn The neural basis of structure in language
DS-2011-10:
Lena Kurzen Complexity in Interaction
DS-2011-09:
Raul Andres Leal Modalities Through the Looking Glass: A study on coalgebraic modal logic and their applications
DS-2011-08:
Stefan Minica Dynamic Logic of Questions
DS-2011-07:
Jop Briët Grothendieck Inequalities, Nonlocal Games and Optimization
DS-2011-06:
Rianne Kaptein Effective Focused Retrieval by Exploiting Query Context and Document Structure
DS-2011-05:
Lauri Keskinen Characterizing All Models in Infinite Cardinalities
DS-2011-04:
Junte Zhang System Evaluation of Archival Description and Access
DS-2011-03:
Marijn Koolen The Meaning of Structure: the Value of Link Evidence for Information Retrieval
DS-2011-02:
Fernando Raymundo Velazquez-Quesada Small steps in dynamics of information
DS-2011-01:
Wouter M. Koolen Combining Strategies Efficiently: High-Quality Decisions from Conflicting Advice
DS-2010-12:
Martin Mose Bentzen Stit, Iit, and Deontic Logic for Action Types
DS-2010-11:
Nina Gierasimczuk Knowing One's Limits. Logical Analysis of Inductive Inference
DS-2010-10:
Jacob Vosmaer Logic, Algebra and Topology. Investigations into canonical extensions, duality theory and point-free topology.
DS-2010-09:
Gaëlle Fontaine Modal Fixpoint Logic: Some Model Theoretic Questions
DS-2010-08:
Amélie Gheerbrant Fixed-Point Logics on Trees
DS-2010-07:
Marc Staudacher Use theories of meaning between conventions and social norms
DS-2010-06:
Yanjing Wang Epistemic Modelling and Protocol Dynamics
DS-2010-05:
Jarmo Kontinen Coherence and Complexity in Fragments of Dependence Logic
DS-2010-04:
Daisuke Ikegami Games in Set Theory and Logic
DS-2010-03:
Cédric Dégremont The Temporal Mind. Observations on the logic of belief change in interactive systems
DS-2010-02:
Jonathan Zvesper Playing with Information
DS-2010-01:
Reut Tsarfaty Relational-Realizational Parsing
DS-2009-13:
Stefan Bold Cardinals as Ultrapowers. A Canonical Measure Analysis under the Axiom of Determinacy.
DS-2009-12:
Joel Uckelman More Than the Sum of Its Parts: Compact Preference Representation Over Combinatorial Domains
DS-2009-11:
Michael Franke Signal to Act: Game Theory in Pragmatics
DS-2009-10:
Tikitu de Jager "Now that you mention it, I wonder...": Awareness, Attention, Assumption
DS-2009-09:
Olivia Ladinig Temporal expectations and their violations
DS-2009-08:
Tomohiro Hoshi Epistemic Dynamics and Protocol Information
DS-2009-07:
Kata Balogh Theme with Variations. A Context-based Analysis of Focus
DS-2009-06:
Chantal Bax Subjectivity after Wittgenstein. Wittgenstein's embodied and embedded subject and the debate about the death of man.
DS-2009-05:
Andreas Witzel Knowledge and Games: Theory and Implementation
DS-2009-04:
Sara L. Uckelman Modalities in Medieval Logic
DS-2009-03:
Brian Thomas Semmes A Game for the Borel Functions
DS-2009-02:
Hartmut Fitz Neural Syntax
DS-2009-01:
Jakub Szymanik Quantifiers in TIME and SPACE. Computational Complexity of Generalized Quantifiers in Natural Language
DS-2008-10:
Marian Counihan Looking for logic in all the wrong places: an investigation of language, literacy and logic in reasoning
DS-2008-09:
Floris Roelofsen Anaphora Resolved
DS-2008-08:
Fabrice Nauze Modality in Typological Perspective
DS-2008-07:
Steven de Rooij Minimum Description Length Model Selection: Problems and Extensions
DS-2008-06:
Falk Unger Noise in Quantum and Classical Computation and Non-locality
DS-2008-05:
Erik Rietveld Unreflective Action: A Philosophical Contribution to Integrative Neuroscience
DS-2008-04:
Patrick Girard Modal Logic for Belief and Preference Change
DS-2008-03:
Olivier Roy Thinking before Acting: Intentions, Logic, Rational Choice
DS-2008-02:
Fenrong Liu Changing for the Better: Preference Dynamics and Agent Diversity
DS-2008-01:
Stephanie Wehner Cryptography in a Quantum World
DS-2007-05:
Yoav Seginer Learning Syntactic Structure
DS-2007-04:
Katrin Schulz Minimal Models in Semantics and Pragmatics: Free Choice, Exhaustivity, and Conditionals
DS-2007-03:
Darrin Hindsill It's a Process and an Event: Perspectives in Event Semantics
DS-2007-02:
Neta Spiro What contributes to the perception of musical phrases in western classical music?
DS-2007-01:
Rudi Cilibrasi Statistical Inference Through Data Compression
DS-2006-08:
Darko Sarenac Products of Topological Modal Logics
DS-2006-07:
Marie Nilsenova Rises and Falls. Studies in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Intonation
DS-2006-06:
Merlijn Sevenster Branches of imperfect information: logic, games, and computation
DS-2006-05:
Aline Honingh The Origin and Well-Formedness of Tonal Pitch Structures
DS-2006-04:
Robert Špalek Quantum Algorithms, Lower Bounds, and Time-Space Tradeoffs
DS-2006-03:
Clemens Kupke Finitary coalgebraic logics
DS-2006-02:
Nick Bezhanishvili Lattices of intermediate and cylindric modal logics
DS-2006-01:
Troy Lee Kolmogorov complexity and formula size lower bounds
DS-2005-05:
Sieuwert van Otterloo A Strategic Analysis of Multi-agent Protocols
DS-2005-04:
Anna Pilatova A User's Guide to Proper names: Their Pragmatics and Semanics
DS-2005-03:
Rosja Mastop What can you do? Imperative mood in Semantic Theory
DS-2005-02:
Willem-Jan van Hoeve Operations Research Techniques in Constraint Programming
DS-2005-01:
Balder David ten Cate Model theory for extended modal languages
DS-2004-03:
Boudewijn de Bruin Explaining Games. On the Logic of Game Theoretic Explanations
DS-2004-02:
Sebastian Brand Rule-based Constraint Propagation: Theory and Applications
DS-2004-01:
Hein Philipp Röhrig Quantum Query Complexity and Distributed Computing
DS-2003-04:
Christof Monz From Document Retrieval to Question Answering
DS-2003-03:
Juan Heguiabehere Building Logic Toolboxes
DS-2003-02:
Elisabeth Catherine Brouwer Imagining Metaphors: Cognitive Representation in Interpretation and Understanding
DS-2003-01:
Barteld Kooi Knowledge, chance, and change
DS-2002-06:
Ivar Vermeulen A Logical Approach to Competition in Industries
DS-2002-05:
Rosella Gennari Mapping Inferences: Constraint Propagation and Diamond Satisfaction
DS-2002-04:
Willem Klaas van Dam On Quantum Computation Theory
DS-2002-03:
Yuri Engelhardt The Language of Graphics
DS-2002-02:
Marco Aiello Spatial Reasoning: Theory and Practice
DS-2002-01:
Nikos Massios Decision-Theoretic Robotic Surveillance
DS-2001-10:
Marc Pauly Logic for Social Software
DS-2001-09:
Gwen Kerdiles Saying It with Pictures: a Logical Landscape of Conceptual Graphs
DS-2001-08:
Allard Tamminga Belief Dynamics. (Epistemo)logical Investigations
DS-2001-07:
Katsumi Sasaki Logics and Provability
DS-2001-06:
Ronald de Wolf Quantum Computing and Communication Complexity
DS-2001-05:
Eva Hoogland Definability and Interpolation: Model-theoretic investigations
DS-2001-04:
Rosalie Iemhoff Provability Logic and Admissible Rules
DS-2001-03:
Erik de Haas Logics For OO Information Systems: a Semantic Study of Object Orientation from a Categorial Substructural Perspective
DS-2001-02:
Alexander van den Bosch Rationality in Discovery - a study of Logic, Cognition, Computation and Neuropharmacology
DS-2001-01:
Maria Aloni Quantification under Conceptual Covers
DS-2000-07:
Egbert L.J. Fortuin Polysemy or monosemy: Interpretation of the imperative and the dative-infinitive construction in Russian
DS-2000-06:
Hans van Ditmarsch Knowledge Games
DS-2000-05:
Carlos Areces Logic Engineering. The Case of Description and Hybrid Logics
DS-2000-04:
Paul van Ulsen E.W. Beth als logicus
DS-2000-03:
Marco Vervoort Games, Walks and Grammars: Problems I've Worked On
DS-2000-02:
Jaap Kamps A Logical Approach to Computational Theory Building (with applications to sociology)
DS-2000-01:
Renata Wassermann Resource Bounded Belief Revision
DS-1999-04:
Barbara Terhal Quantum Algorithms and Quantum Entanglement
DS-1999-03:
Jaap Maat Philosophical Languages in the Seventeenth Century: Dalgarno, Wilkins, Leibniz
DS-1999-02:
Khalil Sima'an Learning efficient disambiguation
DS-1999-01:
Jelle Gerbrandy Bisimulations on Planet Kripke
DS-1998-05:
Mehdi Dastani Languages of Perception
DS-1998-04:
Giovanna d'Agostino Modal Logic and Non-Well-Founded Set Theory: Translation, Bisimulation, Interpolation
DS-1998-03:
Peter Grunwald The Minimum Description Length Principle and Reasoning under Uncertainty
DS-1998-02:
Sjoerd D. Zwart Approach to the Truth: Verisimilitude and Truthlikeness
DS-1998-01:
Sebastiaan A. Terwijn Computability and Measure
DS-1997-06:
Leonie Bosveld - de Smet On Mass and Plural Quantification. The Case of French `des'/`du'-NP's
DS-1997-05:
Harry Stein The Fiber and the Fabric: An Inquiry into Wittgenstein's Views on Rule-Following and Linguistic Normativity
DS-1997-04:
Atocha Aliseda-LLera Seeking Explanations: Abduction in Logic, Philosophy of Science and Artificial Intelligence
DS-1997-03:
Arthur Nieuwendijk On Logic. Inquiries into the Justification of Deduction
DS-1997-02:
Natasa Rakic Common Sense Time and Special Relativity
DS-1997-01:
Ronald Cramer Modular Design of Secure yet Practical Cryptographic Protocols
DS-1996-04:
Jeroen Bruggeman Formalizing Organizational Ecology
DS-1996-03:
Martin H. van den Berg Some Aspects of the Internal Structure of Discourse: the Dynamics of Nominal Anaphora
DS-1996-02:
Angelo Montanari Metric and Layered Temporal Logic for Time Granularity
DS-1996-01:
Lex Hendriks Computations in Propositional Logic
DS-1995-20:
Natasha Alechina Modal Quantifiers
DS-1995-19:
Erik Aarts Investigations in Logic, Language and Computation
DS-1995-18:
Willem Groeneveld Logical Investigations into Dynamic Semantics
DS-1995-17:
Michiel Leezenberg Contexts of Metaphor
DS-1995-16:
Sophie Fischer The Solution Sets of Local Search Problems
DS-1995-15:
Marten Trautwein Computational Pitfalls in Tractable Grammatical Formalisms
DS-1995-14:
Rens Bod Enriching Linguistics with Statistics: Performance Models of Natural Language
DS-1995-13:
Marianne Kalsbeek Meta-Logics for Logic Programming
DS-1995-12:
Szabolcs Mikulás Taming Logics
DS-1995-11:
W.P.M. Meyer Viol Instantial Logic. An Investigation into Reasoning with Instances
DS-1995-10:
Giovanna Cepparello Studies in Dynamic Logic
DS-1995-09:
G.J. Veltink Tools for PSF
DS-1995-08:
Natasha Kurtonina Frames and Labels. A Modal Analysis of Categorial Inference
DS-1995-07:
Sandro Etalle Transformation and Analysis of (Constraint) Logic Programs
DS-1995-06:
Jos van Wamel Verification Techniques for Elementary Data Types and Retransmission Protocols
DS-1995-05:
Frank Tip Generation of Program Analysis Tools
DS-1995-04:
Dejuan Wang Study on the Formal Semantics of Pictures
DS-1995-03:
Maarten Marx Algebraic Relativization and Arrow Logic
DS-1995-02:
Andreja Prijatelj Investigating Bounded Contraction
DS-1995-01:
Jacob Brunekreef On Modular Algebraic Protocol Specification
DS-1994-10:
Zhisheng Huang Logics for Agents with Bounded Rationality
DS-1994-09:
Wan Fokkink Clocks, Trees and Stars in Process Theory
DS-1994-08:
Makoto Kanazawa Learnable Classes of Categorial Grammars
DS-1994-07:
V. Yu. Shavrukov Adventures in Diagonalizable Algebras
DS-1994-06:
Domenico Zambella Chapters on Bounded Arithmetic and on Provability Logic
DS-1994-05:
Arie van Deursen Executable Language Definitions, Case Studies and Origin Tracking Techniques
DS-1994-04:
Jan Jaspars Calculi for Constructive Communication, a Study of the Dynamics of Partial States
DS-1994-03:
Nicoline Johanna Drost Process Theory and Equation Solving
DS-1994-02:
Jan Willem Cornelis Koorn Generating Uniform User-Interfaces for Interactive Programming Environments
DS-1994-01:
Harold Schellinx The Noble Art of Linear Decorating
DS-1993-06:
John Tromp Aspects of Algorithms and Complexity
DS-1993-05:
Herman Hendriks Studied Flexibility
DS-1993-04:
Maarten de Rijke Extending Modal Logic
DS-1993-03:
Rineke Verbrugge Efficient Metamathematics
DS-1993-02:
Harry Buhrman Resource Bounded Reductions
DS-1993-01:
Paul Dekker Transsentential Meditations; Ups and downs in dynamic semantics