Hosted virtually at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign The GSCL is a two-day conference organized by and for mathematical logic students in Master's and PhD programs.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

The ERC Project SPAGAD: Speech Acts in Grammar and Discourse invites to a workshop on biased questions that focuses on (a) experimental results concerning the conditions of use of questions that express a bias towards particular answers, and (b) on the theoretical modelling of such questions that includes morphological markers, discourse particles, specialized syntactic structure, prosody and gestures.

Computational and technological developments that incorporate natural language are proliferating. Adequate coverage encounters difficult problems related to partiality, underspecification, and context-dependency, which are signature features of information in nature and natural languages. Furthermore, agents (humans or computational systems) are information conveyors, interpreters, or participate as components of informational content. Generally, language processing depends on agents' knowledge, reasoning, perspectives, and interactions.

The session covers theoretical work, applications, approaches, and techniques for computational models of information and its presentation by language (artificial, human, or natural in other ways). The goal is to promote computational systems of intelligent natural language processing and related models of thought, mental states, reasoning, and other cognitive processes.

What is your position on Future Societies? At Synergy ’21 we will explore Future Societies from the perspective of the individual and the collective, moving through the development of new interactions and communities, to perspectives on the future of humanity in a posthuman society. Synergy ’21 will underscore the significance and relevance of scientific research and knowledge development that will affect our shared future.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

The ERC Project SPAGAD: Speech Acts in Grammar and Discourse invites to a workshop on biased questions that focuses on (a) experimental results concerning the conditions of use of questions that express a bias towards particular answers, and (b) on the theoretical modelling of such questions that includes morphological markers, discourse particles, specialized syntactic structure, prosody and gestures.

Computational and technological developments that incorporate natural language are proliferating. Adequate coverage encounters difficult problems related to partiality, underspecification, and context-dependency, which are signature features of information in nature and natural languages. Furthermore, agents (humans or computational systems) are information conveyors, interpreters, or participate as components of informational content. Generally, language processing depends on agents' knowledge, reasoning, perspectives, and interactions.

The session covers theoretical work, applications, approaches, and techniques for computational models of information and its presentation by language (artificial, human, or natural in other ways). The goal is to promote computational systems of intelligent natural language processing and related models of thought, mental states, reasoning, and other cognitive processes.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Computational and technological developments that incorporate natural language are proliferating. Adequate coverage encounters difficult problems related to partiality, underspecification, and context-dependency, which are signature features of information in nature and natural languages. Furthermore, agents (humans or computational systems) are information conveyors, interpreters, or participate as components of informational content. Generally, language processing depends on agents' knowledge, reasoning, perspectives, and interactions.

The session covers theoretical work, applications, approaches, and techniques for computational models of information and its presentation by language (artificial, human, or natural in other ways). The goal is to promote computational systems of intelligent natural language processing and related models of thought, mental states, reasoning, and other cognitive processes.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Logics and strategic reasoning play a central role in multi-agent systems. Logics can be used, for instance, to express the agents' abilities, knowledge, and objectives. Strategic reasoning refers to algorithmic methods that allow for developing good behavior for the agents of the system. At the intersection, we find logics that can express existence of strategies or equilibria, and can be used to reason about them.

The LAMAS&SR workshop merges two international workshops: LAMAS, which focuses on all kinds of logical aspects of multi-agent systems from the perspectives of artificial intelligence, computer science, and game theory, and SR, devoted to all aspects of strategic reasoning in formal methods and artificial intelligence. Over the years the communities and research themes of both workshops got closer and closer. LAMAS&SR unifies LAMAS and SR under the same flag, formally joining the two communities in order to expose each of them to a wider range of work relevant to their research.

LAMAS&SR 2021 will be held with AAMAS 2021 Online.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

CWI is counting down to its 75th anniversary and kindly requests you to save the date: on 11 February 2021 we will celebrate our jubilee with a special online event.

Preliminary programme:
14.00 Opening
14.10 Breakout sessions round 1: Daniel Dadush, Marten van Dijk, Benjamin Sanderse, Irene Viola
14.40 Ton de Kok
15.00 Break
15.10 Breakout sessions round 2: Peter Bosman, Stacey Jeffery, Lisa Kohl, Hannes Muhleisen
15.40 Jos Baeten
16.00 Comedian Adam Fields
16.35 Closing
Chair of the day is Ans Hekkenberg.

ICALP is the main conference and annual meeting of the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS). As usual, ICALP will be preceded by a series of workshops, which will take place on 12 July 2021.

We are closely monitoring the development of the COVID-19 pandemic. If it is not viable to hold ICALP 2021 as a physical conference, we will run it virtually on the same dates. We will decide in January 2021 at the latest.

The LMP Graduate Student Conference will bring together philosophers of logic, mathematics, and physics for two days of presentations and discussions with some of the leaders in these fields. We are pleased to announce our keynote speaker this year is James Owen Weatherall from the University of California, Irvine.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

CADE is the major international forum for presenting research on all aspects of automated deduction. High-quality submissions on the general topic of automated deduction, including logical foundations, theory and principles, applications in and beyond STEM, implementations, and the use/contribution of automated deduction in AI, are solicited. CADE-28 aims to present research that reflects the broad range of interesting and relevant topics in automated deduction.

CADE will carefully monitor the development of the COVID-19 pandemic, and take guidance from from the health authorities, to determine whether CADE-28 will be physical or online.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

FSCD is a series of annual conferences started in 2016 in Porto, merging and replacing the RTA (Rewriting Techniques and Applications) andTLCA (Typed Lambda Calculi and Applications) conferences. Building on the RTA and TLCA communities, FSCD updates and modernizes the RTA and TLCA core topics and broadens their scope to closely related areas in logics, models of computation (e.g. quantum computing, probabilistic computing, homotopy type theory), semantics and verification in new challenging areas (e.g. blockchain protocols or deep learning algorithms).

FSCD 2021 will be the sixth edition of the International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction. Due to the Covid 19 pandemic situation, the 2021 edition of FSCD and its satellite workshops will be held online.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

The Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI) is one of the premier international conferences on research related to learning and reasoning in the presence of uncertainty. UAI 2021 will be held fully online from 27 to 30 July 2021.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

The Algorithms and Data Structures Symposium, WADS, which alternates with the Scandinavian Symposium and Workshops on Algorithm Theory, SWAT, is intended as a forum for researchers in the area of design and analysis of algorithms and data structures.

WADS 2021 will be fully online. CCCG 2021, the 33rd Canadian Conference on Computational Geometry, is planned for August 10-12, and was originally planned to be held at the same location.

Logical systems of classical and non-classical sorts are often endowed with a variety of interpretations: semantic, proof-theoretic, metaphysic, epistemic, pragmatic, informational, dialogical, and more. Work along these lines has led to the connection of logic to many other areas of knowledge and research. The attempt to draw these connections is, however, sometimes met with a number of criticisms. On the one hand, many of these interpretations have been subject to discussion, trying to determine if the conceptual and the formal aspects align as required. On the other hand, scholars who reject some contentions interpretations of certain formal systems debate whether these logics should be dispensed with in light of their philosophical interpretations, or whether it is possible to embrace them without endorsing such interpretations. Examples of the above are the debates between the fictionalist and the realist interpretations of possible worlds for modal logics, and between the dialetheic and the epistemic interpretations of paraconsistent logics. Furthermore, there is a question of which if any is the canonical application of logic as a discipline and therefore of any given logical system. In this vein, some scholars believe that a distinction between pure logic and applied logic needs to be taken into account, which may or may not resemble the medieval divide between logica docens and logica utens.

The aim of this special issue is to discuss these topics and to assess the effect of the answers provided in the relation between logic and the many disciplines related to it. Contributions are welcome from philosophers, logicians, mathematicians, linguists, and computer scientists. Submissions must be in English and use the form of a source LaTeX file.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Following a successful workshop at ECAI2020 we invite submissions for a Special Issue on Reasoning about Social Networks in the Journal of Logic and Computation. The special issue focuses on the issues of information spread in a social networks of natural and artificial agents, as studied by the emerging interdisciplinary field of multi-agent systems, logic and social network analysis.

Submissions are to be sent to all the guest editors, written in English and formatted in LaTeX. All papers will be peer reviewed according to the standards of the Journal. Authors of submissions might also be asked to review a paper.

The biennial DEON conferences are designed to promote interdisciplinary cooperation amongst scholars interested in linking the formal-logical study of normative concepts, normative language and normative systems with computer science, artificial intelligence, linguistics, philosophy, organization theory and law. In addition to these general themes, DEON 2020/21 will encourage a special focus on the topic 'Norms in Social Perspective'.

Keynote speakers: Marcia Baron (Indiana University, Bloomington), Emiliano Lorini (IRIT-CNRS, Toulouse University, France), Shyam Nair (Arizona State University, Tempe), and Sonja Smets (ILLC, University of Amsterdam).

We hope the global and local situation will allow us to hold the conference in person. If that will not be the case, we are prepared to hold the conference online, partially or totally. Contributors will be informed in advance.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Logic and Interactions 2022 is a five-week session at the CIRM in Luminy (Marseille, France), on logic and its interactions in mathematics and computer science, but also in the broader perspective of its transdisciplinary nature, with connections to philosophy and linguistics. Two weeks will be organized as thematic schools targeted primarily at PhD students and non-specialist researchers. The other three will be workshops presenting the state of the art in specific areas.

We expect this event to offer a friendly venue not only for established specialists but also for students and young researchers as well as non-specialists. In addition to the thematic schools, each week will include introductory material. We encourage colleagues, and especially students and young researchers, to attend several weeks or even the full month, in order to make the most of this special occasion.

Logics of dependence and independence are novel non-classical logics aiming at characterizing dependence and independence notions in philosophy and in social and physical sciences. This field of research has grown rapidly in recent years. This family of logics has found applications in fields such as database theory, linguistics, social choice, quantum physics along with other fields. This special issue aims to provide a snapshot of the state of the art of logics of dependence and independence.

The special issue is related to the topics of the Workshop on Logics of Dependence and Independence.Participants of the workshop, as well as other authors are invited to submit contributions.